Author

Baruch Spinoza

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About Baruch Spinoza

Baruch (de) Spinoza, also known under his Latinized pen name Benedictus de Spinoza, was a philosopher of Portuguese-Jewish origin who was born and lived in the Dutch Republic. A forerunner of the Enlightenment, Spinoza significantly influenced modern biblical criticism, 17th-century rationalism, and Dutch intellectual culture, establishing himself as one of the most important and radical philosophers of the early modern period. Influenced by Stoicism, Thomas Hobbes, René Descartes, and heterodo…

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Topics: Nature Peace War Hope Motivational Power
All happiness or unhappiness solely depends upon the quality of the object to which we are attached by love.
I would warn you that I do not attribute to nature either beauty or deformity, order or confusion. Only in relation to our imagination can things be called beautiful or ugly, well-ordered or confused.
Only that thing is free which exists by the necessities of its own nature, and is determined in its actions by itself alone.

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